Ancient Indian coins and symbolism

Prior to the Buddhist era, unfortunately, no written records are available to throw light on the socio-political history of ancient India. Puranic texts are loaded with myths and heavy corruption, making them mostly unreliable. The Vedic religious texts though boast of their religious supremacy, the physical proofs speak otherwise. Let’s have a look at the ancient coinage that were found in various excavations to try to know what could be the religious beliefs of those times.

India was divided into about 16 Mahajanapada’s in ancient times. Every Mahajanpada would be a group of Janpada’s (small kingdoms or Republics) spread within the Mahajanpada’s. Till rise of the Nanda dynasty (5^th Century BC) and later on the Mauryan dynasty, the system prevailed to some extent.  The coins found from almost every Mahajanpada prior to approx. 350 BC, bear no letters hence it is impossible to know the names of the issuers of the coins. But from banker-marks punched on the coins indicate that coins of different denominations (weights) used to be issued by individual bankers (Shreni or Nigam) of those times, and not the rulers.

A most significant factor that can be observed from those coins is that every Mahajanpada coin bear a unique symbol, no matter who the banker is. The symbols used by Maha Janpadas are diverse in nature, have been retained over time, at the least from the seventh century BC till the third century BC.  The symbolism doesn't seem changed over the period of almost four hundred years despite political upheavals.

This continuance of the coin symbolism in every Mahajanapada for such a long time suggests that the commercial system was comfortably stable. The religious ideas show continuity. Also, it suggests that every Maha Janpada was represented by a specific symbol punched over the coin.

Symbolism is an ancient trait of mankind. Symbolism reflects the faiths, beliefs of the people who invented them. The pagan symbolism had mystic values. Certain shapes, figures, geometrical signs played a vital role in religious practices of those times all over the world. In India, especially in pre-Vedic Tantric (Occult) Religion, which is flowing uninterrupted till today, symbolism had greater importance over texts or idols.  Shivlingam too is an ancient symbol worshiped from 3500 BC at the least, which became the foundation of the Agamic (Tantra) religion of India. Most of the religious ritualistic practices were associated with male-female sexual organs that were considered to be divine for their ability of reproduction.

Let us have a look at the ancient coins and the significance of the symbols embedded into them.

Gandhara Janpada:

Gandhara was a part of India in ancient times, stretching from modern northwest Pakistan to Kabul, till it was conquered by Darius in the sixth century BCE. We have no clue as to who issued the coins, still, the carbon dating confirms that the various coins were issued from 7^th century BC till 350 BCE.

The coins of the earlier time are peculiar in shape, not round, but silver bent bars having punch-marks of two six-petalled flowers at both ends of the coin with bankers mark in the middle. There also are square and oblong coins as well having a single six-petalled flower of the same design. The flower signs are peculiar, having the dotted round with trident-shaped petals. The reverse side of the coins is blank.

Gandhara was close to or part of the Indus valley civilization. We can trace back the similar six-petalled flowers at Kot Dijji excavations (2600 BC) those are found on the seals and pottery. It does only suggest that every neighboring civilization shares some or other way the concepts of mutual likes. Finding the provenance of any becomes unscientific and contrary to the development history of the human civilizations. 

Finding six-petalled flowers, petals having trident shape on all the coins found in Gandhara Janpada, suggests that the symbol represented geographical identity as well represented religious beliefs of the region.

Six-petalled flowers in Shaivait tradition since ancient times have been a symbol of the female sexual organ. The presence of trident-shaped petals also suggests the presence of the Tantrik Shaivait tradition of those times. This symbol cannot be confused with Sun motif. Dotted circle and sprouting six petal like tridents indicate the fertility symbol.

  

Kuntala Janpada

Kuntala region was located between present South Maharashtra and the north part of the Karnataka. The coins found in this region are dated from sixth century to 450 Century BCE. The coins have a dotted circle at the center having attached a triskelion design above between the two angular shapes having solid dots on the head.  

A circle having a solid dot at the center represents a sun motif that is in use even today as a logo by corporate houses, but two angular shapes having a solid dot on the head connected to the circle suggests otherwise. Scholars call it “Pulley” design. However, if looked carefully it doesn’t represent pulley. The presence of triskele between the dotted angular shapes doesn’t suggest other being pulley design.

The triskele above represents constant motion or revolution. Not exactly the same, but triskelic symbols are found in Celtic paganism and in Indus valley civilization also. However, no symbol similar to this has been found elsewhere, hence makes it unique. However there must be close connection between both the symbols and maybe representing some occult religious practice of those times, which is unknown to us so far.

  

Kuru Janpada

  

Kuru Janpada is famous from ancient times. This region is located around modern Delhi. Many historical episodes have been unfolded on this land. However, Janpada coins found here belong to the period from 450 to 350 BC.

On the coins found in this region bear dotted Triskelion sign. Triskelion sign is an ancient sign used by almost all the ancient cultures like Celtic, Gaulish etc. However, finding the sign on the coin with a unique design makes the symbol an indigenous development. 

On few coins we find the Three Arrow sign as well on the reverse side of the coin. As you can see the arrows are attached to the dotted circle in a symmetric arrangement. Also, you can notice Y signs between the arrows.

Although Triskelion signs mostly represent constant motion or spirit, the present sign is not similar to the sign present on Kuntal coins. We do not know for sure what these signs meant to the people of those times. But the sign seems to have been in use since the Indus culture era. But looking at the unique set of human mind the way it works, the sign may mean the same thing…perpetuity …constant motion and continuation of human life through reproduction.

Three arrow sign having three Y signs placed between the arrows make another unique symbol not to find elsewhere. The dotted circle is a common feature as we have seen on Kuntal and Gandhara coins, the petals or angular objects or arrows or triskeles make them unique symbols. Three arrow sign too is unique because of Y shapes present within the corpus of the sign.

Dotted circles normally are considered to be sun signs but with the geometry, that symbol makes with attached objects like arrows it doesn't seem to be a sun sign.

  

Magadha Janpada

Magadha Janpada, present Bihar, is rich with its history and culture, has given birth to two religions like Jainism and Buddhism. The coins found here dates back from the 7^th century BC till the 5^th century BC.

The coins bear various signs. The central sign on the Coin is a dotted circle surrounded by three arrows and three circles. Other punches are sun sign, Pipal sign, Moon sign, dotted triangle or circle with handle sign. A dotted circle with an arrow sign is common on all signs suggesting it's being the symbol of the region.

The distinct feature is the three arrow signs found on some Kuru coins and the three arrow signs on the Magadha coins are quite different in arrangement. Sun sign is clear enough on every coin suggesting sun worship cult was dominant in Magadha region in those times. Maga people have been ancient inhabitants of the Magadh region and like others were alien to Vedic culture.

Though it has been tried to prove that Maga people migrated to India from central Asia, there has been no physical proof so far to prove this claim. Anyway, sun worship had been Magadha’s oldest tradition. Vedic literature finds mention of Kikata (Magadhi) people as foreigners to their culture and religious practices. 

Shakya Janpada

Shakya (or Vajji/Licchavi) Janpada was located at the northern region of Indo-Nepal. In the Shakya dynasty Lord Buddha was born hence it would be interesting to see what symbol Shakya used to represent their identity.

Shakya Coins date back to the sixth century BC to 450 Century BC. The coins are too crude, having no particular shape, but every coin bears a Pentagonal symbol.

Pentagon is a symbol that almost every ancient civilization (and even at present) has used in their occult practices. Pentagon not only suggests geometric perfection but represents the five basic elements in occultism as well as in ancient science. According to Sankhya philosophers Earth, Water, Wind, Energy and space are the five elements that make the universe.  In Shaivait Occultism too five-style worship of the Goddess was widely practiced. A similar thought, like Sankhya’s, about five elements can be traced in Greek science and even in Freemason occultism of Europe. It also has been the symbol of the underground womb in Egyptian iconography. In later Buddhist Gnosticism also we find the pentagram symbol.

  

Saurashtra Janpada

Saurashtra coins too date back from 6^th century BC to 4^th Century BC. The unique feature of the Saurashtra coin is most of the coins have been punched with an image of the fertility goddess. Also elephant and bull signs too are found on many coins.

  

Fertility Goddess symbol we find on abundant seals found in Indus valley civilization. If we look carefully at the headdress of the deity is quite similar to the mother goddess’s images of Indus culture. The image is normally attributed to “Shakti”. Bull and Elephant symbols too have been abundantly found in Indus civilization, those represent male productive prowess. 

We thus can infer that the flow of Indus valley civilization was continued uninterruptedly till the fourth century BC.

  

Conclusion:

Every region (Maha Janpada) used some occultic unique symbol (motif) to represent its identity. 

The symbols, at the least in the five cases discussed above, though diverse in nature, still possess one similarity that the presence of a centrally dotted circle, pentacle or triangle. This indicates the thought process of the civilization as a whole being unique.

The symbols moreover represent Gnosticism prevailing in the civilizations of those times along with non-Vedic Shiva-Shakti (fertility) worship.

we have seen on every triangle, petal or pentagram centrally a solid dot is positioned. In Shaivait occultism (Yogic practice) centered dot signifies the focalized energy and its intense concentration. It can be envisaged as a kind of energy deposit which can in turn radiate energy under other forms.

The presence of the trident and arrows, weapons of Shiva suggests non-Vedic Shaivait religious practices of those times.

There seems no influence of Vedic religious thought and practices in any symbolism on the coins, as it doesnt show any way that the Vedicism had influenced local cultures and religion that had rooted in ancient tantras. 

Hence considering Vedas as the source of modern Hinduism is wrong. had it been the case, we would have noticed Vedic influence in the symbolism that represented people and regions! 

We also are going to have a look in the next chapters at the coinage of later times till the second century AD to understand whether symbolism changed with the introduction of the monarchist political system and what was the language being used in those times. 

Also, we have observed that many symbols like the triskele, six petal flower, and the pentagram with few others are found in ancient paganism worldwide. Though there are slight differences in the design, the striking resemblance shows that to some extent inner force of the human mind works similarly, no matter how geographically far apart. The same thing applies to the languages which reflect in some common words across the civilizations.  

We cannot attribute the similarities in the symbolism worldwide to borrowings or exchanges as symbolism is an innate expression of the human being that carries its unique identity. Though symbols are same, the meaning or purpose attached to it may differ from one region to the other and also may change with time. This applies to the languages also. We find similar words in many languages but the meaning of those words vary from people to people.  

If language too is made of vocal symbols, the same applies to it also. It needs no single source for the evolution of any group of languages. Independent Evolution Theory, related to geo-geographic surroundings, which I am proposing for the species, symbols and languages only can answer the vital questions that still keep us baffling about our ancient civilizations and remote past. Same time, giving any credit to the Vedics for the early evolution of modern Hindu religion goes against the material proofs and hence such very wrong-founded notions are needed to be discarded. The fact is Hindu religion always was heavily dependent on Tantras and not Vedas. 

We will discuss more on this in the next installment!

-Sanjay Sonawani

See the next chapter at http://ssonawani.blogspot.in/2017/02/coins-those-tell-us-cultural-history.html

 (Image Courtesy: coinindia.com)

See Also: http://ssonawani.blogspot.in/2013/04/shunga-dynasty-and-sanskrit.html